TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS IN KAZAKHSTAN: CONCEPT, PROBLEM, AND SOLUTIONS

Abstract

Human trafficking is one of the forms of modern slavery and a criminal phenomenon that affects many countries, including Kazakhstan. This crime not only violates fundamental human rights but also harms the social and economic development of the country. This article provides an analysis of the problem of human trafficking in the context of Kazakhstan and emphasizes the need for measures to combat this phenomenon. The study outlines the main forms of human trafficking: sexual exploitation, forced labor, involvement in armed conflicts, sham marriages, and organ trafficking. The key causes of the spread of this phenomenon are analyzed, including poverty, migration flows, lack of social protection, corruption, and the legal vulnerability of the population. Special attention is given to Kazakhstan’s role as a country of origin, transit, and destination for victims of human trafficking. The article highlights the legal framework for combating human trafficking, including the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Law «On Combating Human Trafficking», and the approved Rules for Redirecting Victims of Human Trafficking. Statistical data are presented, indicating the continuing level of crime in this area, along with examples of specific operations to rescue victims. A separate section is devoted to the contribution of non-governmental organizations, such as «Damyty» and «Sana Sezim», in providing assistance to victims and conducting awareness campaigns. The need for a comprehensive approach based on cooperation between the state, NGOs, and international structures is emphasized. In conclusion, the article provides recommendations for improving legislation, increasing the qualifications of law enforcement officers, developing mechanisms for assisting victims, and strengthening international cooperation. The author emphasizes that combating human trafficking is not limited to criminal prosecution but also involves the protection of human rights and dignity, which requires comprehensive and interagency solutions.